Mathematical Characters in Unicode
Unicode contains a rich collection of mathematical symbols, operators, and alphanumeric characters spread across several blocks. Whether you're authoring academic papers, building a computer algebra system, or just need the right symbol in a web page, Unicode has you covered—often with multiple ways to express the same concept.
Mathematical Operators Block (U+2200–U+22FF)
The Mathematical Operators block contains 256 characters covering the most common mathematical symbols: ∀ (for all, U+2200), ∃ (there exists, U+2203), ∈ (element of, U+2208), ∑ (n-ary summation, U+2211), ∏ (n-ary product, U+220F), √ (square root, U+221A), ∞ (infinity, U+221E), and ≠ (not equal to, U+2260).
These are the symbols you see in mathematical notation across the web. Using them as Unicode characters (rather than images or MathML) means they're searchable, copy-pasteable, and accessible to screen readers.
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols (U+1D400–U+1D7FF)
In the Supplementary Multilingual Plane, the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block provides styled variants of the Latin and Greek alphabets used in mathematics: bold, italic, bold italic, script, bold script, Fraktur, bold Fraktur, double-struck (blackboard bold), and more. The double-struck capital N 𝕹 (U+1D579) is used for the natural numbers; 𝕽 (U+1D575) for the real numbers; 𝕮 (U+1D46E) for complex numbers.
These characters look like styled fonts but are semantically different code points. Do not use them for decorative typography—search engines and screen readers see them as mathematical notation, not decoration. Use CSS font styling for decorative effects; use these code points when you mean "mathematical bold italic capital A" specifically.
Arrows (U+2190–U+21FF) and Supplemental Arrows
Unicode's arrow blocks contain dozens of arrows in all directions and styles: ← → ↑ ↓ ↔ ↕ ⇐ ⇒ ⇔ and many more. These are useful in mathematical writing, flow diagrams, and anywhere you need a direction indicator in plain text. Browse the related characters using character search.